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HIV TRANSMISSION: RECOMMENDATIONS TO HEALTH CARE WORKERS
Health care workers are at risk through contact with potentially infected patients and their body fluids. Other people are sometimes also inadvertently exposed to body fluids or needle-stick injuries. The risk of infection in this way depends on how much virus is present in the fluid or on the object (is the infected person encountered late or early in the infection, or during the middle period?) and how long the object has sat around after being used. It also depends on what type of injury a person sustains (was it a small scratch or a deep wound that went into the muscle?). A person who is stuck with a needle containing blood from an infected person runs about a 0.3 percent risk of becoming infected with HIV
Wearing gloves when coming into contact with potentially infected body fluids decreases the likelihood of becoming infected. Wearing two sets of gloves (a practice referred to as double gloving) decreases the risk from a needle-stick injury by about 50 percent compared to using just one set of gloves. This risk is reduced even further with the use of antiviral drugs immediately after exposure (see the section on treatment).
There is no evidence of transmission from infected health care workers to their patients, except for the widely publicized incident of an infected dentist who was found to have infected five of his patients during the 1980s. Exactly how this transmission occurred is not clear. A study of 15,000 patients of 32 infected physicians found that none of them had been infected by their providers.
Drug users who share injection drug works have a high risk of becoming infected with HIV In “shooting galleries,” where persons often share injection drug equipment and may exchange sex for drugs, one study found that a large percentage of the equipment was contaminated with HIV Using household bleach to sterilize the equipment for at least five minutes (and washing it with water afterwards) may decrease the risk of infection but does not eliminate it. The use of sterile needles, sometimes available through a needle exchange program, decreases the risk of HIV infection through injection drug use.
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